Indian constitution. 

  1. भारतीय संविधान

The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.

The Constitution of India provides the framework for the political and legal system of the country. It establishes the structure and powers of the government, fundamental rights and duties of citizens, and the directive principles of state policy. The Constitution also lays down the procedures for the functioning of the government and defines the relationship between the central government, state governments, and union territories.

Key features of the Indian Constitution include:

1. Preamble: The preamble of the Indian Constitution outlines the ideals and objectives of the Indian state, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

2. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to Indian citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies.

3. Directive Principles of State Policy: These principles are guidelines for the government to promote social and economic justice in the country. Although not enforceable in courts, they are considered fundamental to the governance of the country.

4. Parliamentary System: India follows a parliamentary system of government, where the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Parliament consists of two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

5. Independent Judiciary: The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary to safeguard the rights and liberties of individuals. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the country.

6. Federal Structure: The Constitution provides for a federal system of government where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. However, India is often described as having a quasi-federal system due to the strong centralizing tendencies.

7. Amendments: The Constitution can be amended through a prescribed procedure. Amendments require a special majority in Parliament and ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.

The Indian Constitution is one of the lengthiest and most comprehensive constitutions in the world. It has been amended several times since its adoption to address changing needs and circumstances. As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the Indian Constitution has been amended 105 times.